The Diceware Passphrase Page
This page offers a better way to create a strong, yet easy to remember passphrase for use with encryption and security programs. Weak passwords and passphrases are one of the most common flaws in computer security. Take a few minutes and learn how to do it right. The information presented here can be used by anyone. No background in cryptography or mathematics is required. Just follow the simple steps below. If you’d like to know even more about passphrases, see the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), and please checkout theDiceware Security Blog, for commentary on the latest developments in computer security and shared secret authentication.This page is also available in Chinese, Esperanto, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Polish and Spanish. There are also Catalan, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Maori, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish word lists.
Try our free Big Number Calculator Java applet. It lets you perform many of the calculations used in public key cryptography. It should work on most modern browsers on computers that support Java (that does not include Apple’s iOS, sorry).
What Is A Passphrase?
A passphrase is a bunch of words and characters that you type in to your computer to let it know for sure that the person typing is you. Most security programs allow you to enter a passphrase instead of just a short password for added protection against attackers. Some programs also use your passphrase to form a cryptographic key to encrypt your data:
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Passphrases are used with Wi-Fi wireless network security systems such as WPA and WPA2, when used in personal shared key (PSK) mode. The security of both systems depends on the strength of the passphrase you chose.
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Popular password manager programs require a master password or passphrase to protect the data they store.
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Passphrases are used with disk encryption programs such as PGPdisk and Apple’s FileVault. Many organizations require disk encryption on laptops to meet regulatory requirements for protecting sensitive information.
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The latest versions of most popular operating systems, including WindowsXP and Mac OS-X, let you use longer passphrases for log-on identification, instead of only accepting short passwords.
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New digital currencies such as BitCoin use passphrases to protect the “coins” from misappropriation.
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Using a short passphrase as an answer to a required “security question” (like “What city were you born in?”) protects you against attempts to discover your answer by researching your online data.
You should follow the Diceware instructions here to create your passphrase before installing a WiFi router, creating your PGP or GPG key, opening a new security account or setting up an encrypted disk.
Passphrases differ from passwords only in length. Passwords are usually short, six to ten characters. Short passwords are OK for logging onto computer system that are programmed to detect multiple incorrect guesses and protect the stored passwords properly, but they are not safe for use with encryption systems. Passphrases are usually much longer — typically 20 to 40 characters, sometimes more. Their greater length makes passphrases more secure. Modern passphrases were invented by Sigmund N. Porter in 1982. If all you need right now is a login password, click here.Otherwise, read on.
Picking a good passphrase is one of the most important things you can do to preserve the privacy of your computer data and e-mail messages. A passphrase should be:
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Known only to you
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Long enough to be secure
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Hard to guess — even by someone who knows you well
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Easy for you to remember
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Easy for you to type accurately
What Is Diceware?
Diceware™ is a method for picking passphrases that uses dice to select words at random from a special list called the Diceware Word List. Each word in the list is preceded by a five digit number. All the digits are between one and six, allowing you to use the outcomes of five dice rolls to select a word from the list.
Here is a short excerpt from the Diceware word list:
16655 clause
16656 claw
16661 clay
16662 clean
16663 clear
16664 cleat
16665 cleft
16666 clerk
21111 cliche
21112 click
21113 cliff
21114 climb
21115 clime
21116 cling
21121 clink
21122 clint
21123 clio
21124 clip
21125 clive
21126 cloak
21131 clock
The complete list contains 7776 short words, abbreviations and easy-to-remember character strings. The average length of each word is about 4.2 characters. The biggest words are six characters long. The English list is based on a longer word list posted to the Internet news group sci.crypt by Peter Kwangjun Suk. An alternative list, edited by Alan Beale, contains fewer Americanisms and obscure words. And there are lists for several other languages. You can also download the Diceware word list in PDF format or in PostScript format.
Using Diceware
To use the Diceware list you will need one or more dice. Dice come with many board games and are sold separately at toy, hobby, and magic stores. Toys”R”Us sells a package of five dice for about a dollar. Braille dice are also available. You can purchase five casino-grade dice online fromCasinocom.com for about $11, but they are overkill for this purpose. Do not use a computer program or electronic dice generator.
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Download the complete Diceware list or the alternative Beale list and save it on your computer. Print it out if you like. Then return to this page.
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Decide how many words you want in your passphrase. A five word passphrase provides a level of security much higher than the simple passwords most people use. We recommend a minimum of six words for use with GPG, wireless security and file encryption programs. A seven or eight word pass phrase is recommended for high value uses such as BitCoin, and the like. For more information, see the Diceware FAQ.
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Now roll the dice and write down the results on a slip of paper. Write the numbers in groups of five. Make as many of these five-digit groups as you want words in your passphrase. You can roll one die five times or roll five dice once, or any combination in between. If you do roll several dice at a time, read the dice from left to right.
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Look up each five digit number in the Diceware list and find the word next to it. For example, 21124 means your next passphrase word would be “clip” (see the excerpt from the list, above).
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When you are done, the words that you have found are your new passphrase. Memorize them and then either destroy the scrap of paper or keep it in a really safe place. That’s all there is to it!
Example
Suppose you want a six word passphrase, as we recommend for most users. You will need 6 times 5 or 30 dice rolls. Let’s say they come out as:
1, 6, 6, 6, 5, 1, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6,
1, 6, 6, 5, 2, 2, 4, 6, 4, 3, 2, and 6.
Write down the results on a scrap of paper in groups of five rolls:
1 6 6 6 5
1 5 6 5 3
5 6 3 2 2
3 5 6 1 6
6 5 2 2 4
6 4 3 2 6
You then look up each group of five rolls in the Diceware word list by finding the number in the list and writing down the word next to the number:
1 6 6 6 5 cleft
1 5 6 5 3 cam
5 6 3 2 2 synod
3 5 6 1 6 lacy
6 5 2 2 4 yr
6 4 3 2 6 wok
Your passphrase would then be:
cleft cam synod lacy yr wok
Some Tips
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For maximum security make sure you are alone and close the curtains. Write on a hard surface — not on a pad of paper. After you memorize your passphrase, burn your notes, pulverize the ashes and flush them down the toilet.
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If you are using a passphrase for file encryption, we recommend you keep a copy written down in a safe place. If you don’t and you forget your passphrase, your files are lost forever.
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If you want to work from a printed copy of the word list, download the the Diceware word list in PDF format or PostScript format. These files are formatted with 4 columns and 54 lines per page. You will get a neat, 36 page printout in which the first two dice throws are the same for each page. This makes look-ups especially easy. If you prefer a more compact printout, here is an 11-page version from Patrick Feisthammel. Be careful not to mark the printed copy in any way while you are selecting words. You can also find the word list as an Appendix to Internet Secrets.
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If you need to make up passphrases often, get a shoe box or a food storage box about the same size. Put five dice in the box, shake them up vigorously — at least ten hard shakes — and then tip the box to let all the dice slide down to one edge. Now open the box, read the dice from left to right, or front to back if a few line up. Then just look up the corresponding word list entry. Repeat this process until you have enough words for your passphrase.
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We recommend that you use the passphrase exactly as generated. If you want a stronger passphrase, select an additional word using the diceware method.
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Because some words on the diceware list are two characters or less, you can get a very short passphrase. If your passphrase, including the spaces between the words, is less than 17 characters long, we recommend that you start over and create a new passphrase. You should also start over if your passphrase is a recognizable English sentence or phrase. (These situations are extremely rare.)
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See the Diceware FAQ for suggestions on how to memorize your passphrase.
Optional stuff you don’t really need to know
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For extra security without adding another word, insert one special character or digit chosen at random into your passphrase. Here is how to do this securely: Roll one die to choose a word in your passphrase, roll again to choose a letter in that word. Roll a third and fourth time to pick the added character from the following table:
Third Roll
1 2 3 4 5 6
F 1 ~ ! # $ % ^
o 2 & * ( ) - =
u 3 + [ ] \ { }
r 4 : ; " '
t 5 ? / 0 1 2 3
h 6 4 5 6 7 8 9
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For the technically inclined, each word in your Diceware passphrase yields 12.9 bits of entropy, the way passphrase security is measured. A five word Diceware passphrase would have an entropy of at least 64.6 bits; six words would have 77.5 bits, seven words 90.4 bits, eight words 103.2 bits. Inserting a letter at random adds about 10 bits of entropy. All this assumes, of course, that you actually keep your passphrase a secret.
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You’ll find a lot more information you don’t really need to know in the Diceware FAQ.
Why Diceware?
There are many different recommendations available on the Internet about how to pick a passphrase. Many are good, a few are bad, but almost all require the user to judge what will be hard for someone else to guess. Some give no guidance on how to do that, others have you make complex mathematical calculations. By contrast, the Diceware method of generating passphrases is:
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Easy to learn and use
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Very secure
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Totally prescriptive – we tell you exactly what to do at each step of the process
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Transparent – there are no “trust me”s
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Free – there is no computer software or hardware required, just the Diceware list and some ordinary dice
The prescriptive nature of Diceware is very important for new users of encryption. Here is one person’s experience, as posted to the Internet newsgroup alt.security.pgp:
“I just wanted to relate a personal story about how hard it is to convince a novice how important it is to select a secure password, and get them to understand what constitutes a secure password. I am an old-timer at both the Internet and security issues. My sister, however, is brand new to it having just opened an Internet account. She lives in [the mid-west] while I live [on the west coast]. As a result, we exchange quite a bit of very personal email.
Recently, she wanted to give her Internet password to her husband so that he could get on line. However, she still wanted to be able to exchange private messages with me that he would not be able to read. I, of course, introduced her to PGP.
I gave her the usual lecture about how important it is to select a password that nobody else can easily guess, and that the ideal password would be some obscure and nonsense word that would have meaning only to her. I told her all about not selecting birthdays, anniversaries, names, and the like. I didn’t suggest a random combination of letters and numbers because we were not after world class security, we just wanted to keep her husband out of our private letters. So, after she selected her PGP password, I decided to give it a try at cracking it. The VERY FIRST password I tried worked! She was totally surprised at how easily I had found it, but it was a word that anyone knowing her would have access to. So, after giving her some more tips on good password selection, I let her try again. This time, it took me only 3 attempts before I found the right word. Finally, she gave up and let me pick a password for her.”
Had she used Diceware, the author’s sister’s very first passphrase would have been totally secure and known only to her. Remember: in public key cryptography, the security of your message depends on the recipient’s passphrase. Spread the word about Diceware!
Links And References
For more information on passphrases and Diceware see the following:
Diceware FAQ Questions and answers for people who want to know more about Diceware and passphrase generation.
Diceware Word List, the list in PostScript format, Beale word list, Diceware8k list for computer generation
A Survey of PGP Passphrase Usage A small poll I ran to find out what PGP users actually do to make passphrases, and some suggestions for improvement.
Diceware for Passphrase Generation and Other Cryptographic Applications Includes info on other uses of Diceware and an analysis of Diceware security.
Protecting Passwords by Gary McGraw and John Viega, An article in the IBM Developerworks Security Library that discuss passwords, pasphrases and Diceware.
Passgen: A Password Generator Java Applet Uses keyboard latency to generate random passwords based on a selectable format. Not as secure as the diceware method, but adequate for login passwords and similar applications. Includes source code.
Random Noise Sources A collection of information on sources of randomness for use with computers.
CipherSaber Home Page Learn how to build your own strong encryption program. It’s easier than you think!
Other Papers on Cryptography by Arnold Reinhold P=?NP — who Cares?, Cryptanalysis of Histocompatibility, etc.
S. N. Porter, A Password Extension for Improved Human Factors,
Advances in Cryptology: A Report on CRYPTO 81, Allen Gersho, editor, volume 0, U.C. Santa Barbara Dept. of Elec. and Computer Eng., Santa Barbara, 1982. Pages 81–81. Also in Computers & Security, Vol. 1. No. 1, 1982, North Holland Press.
Advances in Cryptology: A Report on CRYPTO 81, Allen Gersho, editor, volume 0, U.C. Santa Barbara Dept. of Elec. and Computer Eng., Santa Barbara, 1982. Pages 81–81. Also in Computers & Security, Vol. 1. No. 1, 1982, North Holland Press.
Diceware in Other Languages
CA — Catalan word lists (ASCII and UTF-8) provided by Marcel Hernandez under the terms of the CC-BY-4.0 license. Here is a sample Catalan passphrase:
radiar balca imaginar insula sinitizin dar
DE — A German word list ( PDF version ) provided by Benjamin Tenne under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Here is a sample German passphrase:
distel ist landen kammer puffen
EO — Esperanto translated by Makis Diras, including a Esperanto word list. Here is a sample Esperanto passphrase:
hirt neŭtr livre etern krank esoter
ES — Spanish translated by Manuel Palao, including a Spanish word list. Here is a sample Spanish passphrase:
multa h64 quien enero tubo
FI —Finnish translated by Kai Puolamaki, including a Finnish word list. Here is a sample Noppaware (“noppa” means a dice in Finnish) passphrase:
olli kukot hoveli hintaa airoja
FR — French translated by Joachim Dubuquoy-Portois. There is a French word list by Matthieu Weber, in several formats. Sample:
ileus humide diktat sbire peotte
IT — Italian translated by Tarin Gamberini with an Italian word list (pdf format). Here is a sample Italian passphrase:
casi botole stadi maglia venivo
JP — Japanese translated by Hiroshi Yuki, with a Japanese wordlist in Romaji by J Greely. Here is a sample Japanese passphrase:
douse aho socchi bidou tosou ob
MI — A Maori word list provided by Rangi Kemara under a CC-BY license. Here is a sample Maori passphrase:
iatoto okaoka aacrewa takawa unene takoru
NL — A Dutch word list provided by Bart Van den Eynde under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Here is a sample Dutch passphrase:
ijler 100 leperd akolei kolkje
PL — Polish translated by Piotr (DrFugazi) Tarnowski, Computer Science Techniques Centre, University of Silesia, Katowice, PL, including a Polish word list. Here is a sample Polish passphrase:
plewka szpieg raban pruski ibi
RU — Russian word list provided by “kitten.” Here is a sample passphrase. You need a Cyrillic font to read it.
ÍËðýÒý Ò¸Ïãý âÂðÒÚý ÊÛõÎûÈ ÁÂâÓÚý
SV — Swedish word list provided by Magnus Bodin. Here is a sample Swedish passphrase:
ark altan rodel lamm kyot
TR — Turkish word list provided by Mert Dirik. Here is a sample Turkish passphrase:
derz permi turba um beniz
The Diceware Kit contains instructions on how to create a Diceware word list for other languages.
Special thanks to all the translators!
For more information on PGP see:
The GNU Privacy Guard (GPG), an open source implementation of PGP
Here are some other sites with recommendations on how to make your passphrase. I do not suggest that the information at these sites is wrong, just that it may be too complex for most people. Take a look and judge for yourself.
Ascii key+ || 08d0a5d961603380e2949d682c |
http://ciphersaber.org/ Learn how to write a simple yet strong encryption program of your own. If you have any programming skills at all — even in Basic — you can do it.
Help support this page by buying books I worked on. They make great gifts!
Switching to a Mac For Dummies,
banging your head against a wall–it feels so good when you stop,
Green IT for Dummies,
chock full of useful information that can save the planet,
and
Internet Secrets, 2nd ed
with chapters by me on cryptography and Diceware, including the Diceware wordlist.
You can find them at your local bookstore or click on the titles to order them directly, in association with Amazon.com.
Arnold G. Reinhold
e-mail: my initials (3 letters) a t mac dot com
PGP Fingerprint:
FA C3 82 FB 05 5E 03 1A 34 04 79 EA 9E 76 7B 67
Copyright © 1995-2015, Arnold G. Reinhold, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.
The author hereby grants rights for free, non-commercial, electronic distribution, with attribution, of this entire text. Linking to this page or the word list, including for commercial use, is permitted and encouraged. All other rights reserved. Reasonable requests for other uses, such as translations, are encouraged and will be carefully and promptly considered. This information is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
To the extent that a word list is protected by copyright, A G Reinhold licenses its rights to the English Diceware Wordlist under the Creative Commons CC-BY 3.0 license.
Diceware is a trademark of A G Reinhold.
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First published on usenet’s sci.crypt.research 1995-8-1
Last updated 2015-10-2
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